Montego Bay, Jamaica — In the wake of Hurricane Melissa, Jamaican health officials have declared a leptospirosis outbreak as they confront the aftermath of the devastating Category 5 storm that struck on October 28, 2025. The nation is grappling with a public health crisis, with six suspected deaths and at least nine confirmed cases attributed to the bacterial infection. A further 28 cases are classified as suspected or probable between late October and mid-November.
Health Minister Dr. Christopher Tufton emphasized the collaborative effort necessary to tackle the outbreak, stating, “It’s an all-hands-on-deck approach, and we will pull through this.” The dual challenge of recovering from hurricane damage while managing public health risks has put considerable strain on both local authorities and residents.
Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease primarily transmitted through contaminated water or soil, poses a particular risk following widespread flooding. The storm has created ideal conditions for the bacteria to thrive, as contaminated rainwater has affected numerous parishes, including St. James, St. Ann, St. Elizabeth, and Hanover.
Dr. Karen Webster Kerr, Jamaica’s national epidemiologist, reported a significant increase in leptospirosis cases compared to the norm. Traditionally, the island sees between two to 21 cases each month. However, November alone has already recorded 35 cases, highlighting the severity of the current outbreak, which significantly exceeds historical averages.
St. James parish has reported the greatest number of infections, with 17 cases, including two fatalities. Other affected areas are St. Ann with six cases; St. Elizabeth with four cases, one of which was fatal; and Hanover, which has seen three cases along with two deaths. Most affected are young men in their 20s, with all fatalities to date occurring among males.
Chief Medical Officer Dr. Jacquiline Bisasor-McKenzie noted that the risk of infection now extends to individuals outside the traditional vulnerable populations, such as farmers. Emergency responders, volunteers involved in cleanup, and residents navigating flooded areas are increasingly at risk. As a result, public health campaigns focused on education and prevention are essential.
In response to the outbreak, authorities have launched a coordinated effort that includes cleanup operations, the distribution of hygiene supplies, and widespread testing initiatives. Over 5,600 PCR tests have been made available, along with various point-of-care testing sites to facilitate quick diagnosis. Hospitals nationwide are stocked with antibiotics and treatment supplies to aid in patient care.
The Pan American Health Organization has offered technical support and resources to enhance Jamaica’s response efforts, aiding in both diagnosis and containment strategies. The devastation brought by Hurricane Melissa, which has resulted in an estimated $10 billion in damages, is exacerbating health risks related to leptospirosis, as well as other potential outbreaks like tetanus and dengue fever.
Health officials are urging communities to remain vigilant by avoiding contact with floodwaters and practicing good hygiene. They emphasize the importance of seeking medical attention at the first sign of symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, chills, or jaundice. Furthermore, residents are encouraged to engage in community-driven initiatives aimed at reducing rodent populations and improving overall sanitation.